american lit Essay -- essays research papers

When did American Literature begin?-with the Native AmericansThree dominant characteristics/themes of Native American Literature?1. Relationship with the drink down2. Belief in the Great Manito3. Use of natural imagesHow did Columbus describe the New World?-astonishing, colorful, marvelous speed of the canoes, a paradiseIdentify-Bay psalm Book first book published in America-manito spiritual forces-Walum Olum painted record-allusion reference to something-concrete language short, forceful, cleaner-conceit controlling image-analogy equation-simile direct comparison using like or as-metaphor saying it is something its not -antonyms two opposite words-irony opposite of whats supposed to happen-sarcasm menial form of irony-Great Awakening fervent revival of religious dedication-pictographs word picturesCompare and contrast the literature of Puritans and the southern colonies.-Puritans simple, religious, practical, examining of spiritual selves,communicated ideas clearly, explained Bi blical variation-Southerners flashy, flowery, ornate, complicated, decorativeWhat is the purpose of A Description of New England? How does the author goabout meeting this purpose?-to get people to move to New England exaggerates the good, doesnt key outthe badWhat does TULIP stand for? Explain each point.-Total Depravity/inability-Unconditional election/selection-Limited Atonement-Irresistible grace-Perseverance/preservation for the saintsIdentify the conceit of In credit entry to Her Children and Huswifery&nb... ...ial encounter with the Devil, wifes involvement, terms oftoms deal, occupation, Toms fate.Translate Thanatopsis. Summarize Bryants thanatopsis.-view of death, Bryants view was deaath is one with nature, be with othergreat people who have gone before, etc. condition-meter regular rhythm in poetry, unit of meter-foot of poetry stressed/unstressed syllables/ one stressed two unstressedsyllablesHow is the Black Cat an deterrent example of Romantic Literature?-focus on s elf and individual, fascination with the supernatural, gothicCompare and contrast the following views on the dark side of humanity-Death Instinct/ biography o Perverseness Freud and Poedark side is constantlypresent-Sinful Nature Christianitythere is a way outAccording to Montressor, what are the two requirements of meaning(prenominal) revenge?-cant be consumed by it, once youve taken your revenge, drop it-dont let the person know youre upset with them and seeking revenge

terrorism Essay -- essays research papers fc

TerrorismImagine a clear blue, sunlit morning the about beautiful day you can rec all(prenominal). Imagine waking up from an amazing dream of a clear horizon. Imagine putting on your unseasoned juvenile suit, to start your new job. Imagine having that extra hop in your step as you leave your front door, your mind anxiously awaiting the adventure of a new beginning to an amazing day. Then, imagine not getting to where you needed to be. Not because you fell victim to a traffic jam or missed the bus, tho because you were a victim of a terrorist act - an innocent victim, whose life was cut short by terrorism. Shattered dreams and lives atomic number 18 just some of the many effectuate that terrorism can bring about. Just how different is each human than another? Anatomically there are slight variations, but we are all part of the same world. To lash out on other innocent sight due to the fact of different beliefs, is almost inhuman. Lack of composure and parole is one of the man y flaws terrorists have built within themselves.     Throughout history, there have been many unprecedented terrorist attacks. Each attack is worse than the next. These attacks have been image about since 431 B.C. when a Greek historian wrote the effectiveness on psychological war out-of-the-way(prenominal)e (Terrorism). Most terrorists share the belief that killing, kidnapping, extorting, robbing, and wreaking havoc to terrorize people are legitimate forms of political action. Terrorists are never one-person, a single political regime, nor a particular religion but terrorist attacks can be targeted to such groups (Terrorism). The most common attack in the act of terrorism is the suicide attack. The outcome of the war now under way between the Israelis and Palestinians is genuinely important to the security of every American. Palestinians are testing out a whole new form of warfare, using suicide bombers to achieve their political aims. Israelis are terrified . And Palestinians feel a rising sense of empowerment. Palestinians have long had a tactical alternative to suicide nonviolent resistance (Friedman A6). Palestinians have adopted suicide bombing as a strategic choice, not out of desperation. Two influential U.S. senators expressed their fear that the kind of suicide bombings weve seen in Israel might therefore spread to the United States. They both agree that if these suicide bombings in Israel dont stop soon,... ...rorism and its affects on a nation. Each person seems to have there own fancy on how to stop such things from ever happening again. There are those who are anti-war, who think if we just talk about things peace can be achieved. Then, there are those who think if we as a nation scare everyone with our military power the problem will be resolved. Both groups are far from the truth in my opinion. Terrorist acts are derived and acted upon by pure hatred and brainwashing. The only time terrorism will ever truly disappear is when we as a human race disappear. Works CitedBlitzer, Wolf. "Suicide bombings in the United States?" CNN. 9 Apr. 2002.Friedman, Thomas L. "Suicidal Lies On Suicide Bombers." New York Times 31 adjoin 2002 A6.Info War. 2002. The Terrorism Research Center, Inc. 5 Oct. 2003. 18 Apr. 2004     .     Parkinson, John. The Consequences of Terrorism. CIO Insight Jan. 2003 43-46.Sowell, Thomas. "The Median and Purpose of Terror." New York Times 19 Nov. 2001 A10.Terrorism. The Encyclopedia Britannica. 2003 ed.The War on Terrorism. 2003. Central Intelligence Agency. 25 March 2004

The Sleeper by Edgar Allan Poe Essay -- Poetry Analysis

The Sleeper, by Edgar Allan Poe, was first published in the Poems of 1831 this poem has since been revised from its current version which was printed in 1845. This poem was written during the love affair Period. This time period is defined as a time in which poets began to rebel against the Neoclassical restrictions and dominance of reason as poetic aim. Romantic meter celebrated the imagination over rationality, passion, and dreams over reason and external reality, and isolated individuality over collective humankind. Romantic poetry looked to celebrate both the miraculous and elevate the commonplace. (Henriksen) Poes imagination prevails in this lyric poem. The speaker of the poem experiences an internal conflict while mourning the death of a loved one. The kind of the speaker to his surroundings is introduced into the main narrative in the opening of the poem, and is specific to when this occurrence is taking place, At midnight, in the month of June. June is the month in which the summertime solstice takes place, in the Pagan culture of this time Midsummer was thought to be a time of magic, when evil spirits were said to appear. The pagans often wore protective garlands of herbs and flowers. (chiff.com) straightaway this concoction is used by modern herbalists as a mood stabilizer. Midnight is also known as the witching hour when ghosts are considered to have their roughly power. Black magic is also thought to be infallible at this hour as well. The speaker of the poem describes himself as standing beneath the moon, this tellurian expulsion is pertinent to the narrative of the poem, and he is admitting his mortality in this line. The moon is personified in the fourth line Exhales from her out her golden rim, which is ... ... be mold stones, or holding a conversation. The speaker of the poem does not move on from this emotional torment, yet I do feel as if in his quest for closure he does resolve some of the tumultuous feelings he does have in regard to losing his love. Works Cited1. Coviello, Peter. Poe in Love Pedophilia, Morbidity, and the Logic of Slavery. ELH, 70.3 (2003) 875-90.2. Peeples, Scott. manners writing/Death writing Biographical Versions of Poes Final Hours. Biography, 18.4 (1995) 328-338.3. Folks, Jeffrey. Poe and the Cogito The Southern Literary Journal, 42.1 (2009) 57-724. chiff.com summer solstice 1999-2010.1st November 2010. http//www.chiff.com/a/summer-solstice.htm5. Henricksen, John. Poetry Spark Chart. USA. Spark Publishing, 2003.6. Poe, Edgar Allan. The Fall of the erect of Usher and other writings. London Penguin Books, 2003.

Techniques Used in Peter Porters Your Attention Please :: essays research papers

A rime written by Peter Porter is called Your Attention enliven. Phrases like Death is the least we have to fear and A nuclear rocket strike of at least one thousand megatons, trustedly got my attention. This poetry is written in the form of a radio announcement, warning of a large nuclear attack aimed at all our major cities. It covers a earnest subject and yet the tone used is used in a casual way. Many techniques argon used which make this poem very effective.A rather strong witnessing used by dint ofout the whole poem is that it is satirising the government. It does so by using bureaucratic language that people often link to officials and being organised. I felt that this acted as a disguise for the horrifying truth of the events happening. The voice had a sense of authority over me, made me feeling that I should obey the advice given in commands. The poet uses this to get his opinions across discreetly using a satirising tone and allowing the reader to work it ou t for themselves. Words and phrases are used that intimidate you like, To comply with the shelter Requirements published in the Civil Defence Code, it would seem that in the time it took to say that the announcer could have locomote on and stopped wasting time. We often relate this to a grander more pompous way of speaking. It makes you think almost like this attack was planned. You also feel intimidated by the use of precise times and exact measurements - such as - This announcement will take two and a quarter proceedings to make. This is also typical of a government speech, again wasting time with information you did not really need to know. Another meaning of this poem is possibly to prepare you for a nuclear attack and make you think of what you would do in this situation. This aspect of a war like this is shocking, however, it is obvious that the poet finds it ridiculous. This radical is familiar as it still works today as this threat is still existent. The idea of t his happening to you and your family is genuinely chilling. This poem does contain a certain amount of poetic effect but if you were a listener it wouldnt be obvious. Nevertheless there is a certain structure which is kept to through the poem.

Overpopulation in India Essay -- Environment Environmental Essays

Overpopulation in India The Need for Improved Quality and Diversity of hitch OptionsOn May 11, 2000, Astha (Faith) was born in the Indian capital on New Delhi.1 Her birth was not only a significant fountain for her parents, barely for the entire Nation of India. Asthas birth was designated the official point at which the Indian population crossed the one billion human beings mark.2 India was thus formally inaugurated into the very exclusive one billion inhabitants of one nations club, and the world was left to ponder the repercussions of such a development. Stepping over the one-billion line brought into question all the policies, efforts, and difficulties that the Indian government had implemented and fought for over a half a century in order to pr tied(p)t just such a joyous occasion from happening. The Indian Family Planning Program, initiated in 1952, was a sign of the desire of Indian leadership to develop the nation and take the steps necessary to do so. The course has evolved throughout the years, meeting varied success however, in the year 2000 one aspect of the program has become blatantly clear it has not succeeded in retardent Indias rapid population growth to a population replacement level. One of the major reasons India has failed to reach the replacement rate is because of a family planning program that emphasized sterilization as the main method of contraception and de-emphasized temporary methods. The services provided by the program were of poor quality. If the Indian government can even hope to reach its ultimate total fertility rate (TFR) of 2.1 in all of its states and provinces, it must shift its policy from the emphasis on sterilization as the main method of birth con... ...could be a good alternative for women who forget to take daily birth control pills. The ring is inserted into the vagina where it releases estrogen and progestin. The put on of the ring is that it can be inserted for three weeks at a time thus disposing of the daily pill-taking requirements of traditional oral contraceptives. The widespread availability of such a method could have a similar effect as that of centchroman. Another contraceptive method, the womanly condom, could help alleviate cultural resistance to birth control. The female condom would perhaps increase participation in family planning by those couples who do not wish to use methods that have more side effects, only when whose male partner is reluctant to use condoms. 47 Government of India. Department of Family Planning. National Population Policy. 2000. http//mohfw.nic.in/ppolicy.html.pdf

Overpopulation in India Essay -- Environment Environmental Essays

Over commonwealth in India The Need for Improved Quality and Diversity of Contraceptive OptionsOn May 11, 2000, Astha (Faith) was born(p) in the Indian capital on New Delhi.1 Her gestate was not only a significant occasion for her parents, but for the entire Nation of India. Asthas birth was designated the official point at which the Indian population crossed the single billion human beings mark.2 India was thus officially inaugurated into the very exclusive one billion inhabitants of one nations club, and the world was left to ponder the repercussions of such a development. Stepping all over the one-billion line brought into question all the policies, efforts, and difficulties that the Indian government had implemented and fought for over a half a century in order to prevent just such a joyous occasion from happening. The Indian Family Planning Program, initiated in 1952, was a sign of the desire of Indian leadership to develop the nation and take the steps neces sary to do so. The program has evolved throughout the years, meeting change success however, in the year 2000 one aspect of the program has become blatantly clear it has not succeeded in slowing Indias rapid population growth to a population replacement level. One of the major reasons India has failed to reach the replacement rate is because of a family planning program that emphasized sterilization as the main method of contraception and de-emphasized temporary methods. The services provided by the program were of poor quality. If the Indian government can even hope to reach its ultimate total fertility rate (TFR) of 2.1 in all of its states and provinces, it must shift its policy from the emphasis on sterilization as the main method of birth con... ...could be a good alternative for women who forget to take daily birth control pills. The ring is inserted into the vagina where it releases estrogen and progestin. The benefit of the ring is that it can be inserted for three weeks at a time thus disposing of the daily pill-taking requirements of traditional oral contraceptives. The widespread availability of such a method could have a similar effect as that of centchroman. Another contraceptive method, the female condom, could help alleviate cultural resistance to birth control. The female condom would perhaps attach participation in family planning by those couples who do not wish to use methods that have more side effects, but whose male partner is slow to use condoms. 47 Government of India. Department of Family Planning. National Population Policy. 2000. http//mohfw.nic.in/ppolicy.html.pdf

A Positive Life Changing Experience

A positive action changing Experience I had my life set. At the age of 15 1 had no fears, no fears slightly life. My day-to-day routine comprised of going to school, coming home, resting for d while, waking up, and going out with friends, coming back home, sleeping, and then repeating the same thing the succeeding(a) day. I didnt care about my schoolwork or even glasswork for that matter. Why? My dad, he was the shelter to my whatever-who-cares way to elite.He provided me testimonial clothing, wristwatches and accessories more luxurious than numerous of my peers whole attire. An extremely relaxed and stylish ride to go to school with- I had everything. To my 15 year gray-haired mind It was all that mattered, and my 15 year old brain knew that even if it never planned, the person whose it was, could enjoy a lavish fun life anyways. But then, life happened as I woke from the dream. My dads Industry suffered a loss to such a massive extent that I dropped dreadfully trot being a lea der to well- being a regular person.At that prison term I was angry, furious. I had little understanding of what was really going on, all knew was that I wasnt going to have the things that I was used to been able to live the life that once did. This whole condition took me for a major hit in my young adult fife, in my mind I was going to be fairish like everybody else, which was not what I Off must say this could have been the best thing that happened to me, when I look back on my life, because I had find a materialistic Jerk.Now that I am much mature I grasped that, thats not a good way to go through life because affect events happen, without anyones control and I had been whipped into a habit of needing these things to make me feel whole as a person, which ways not needed ,but my day spoiled me to no extreme. I have learned to appreciate the things I have life and not over do it because a name doesnt make you who you are.

Colonization of Africa

Conquests, colonization, the slave switch, and the spread of consumerist society have shaped and formed the grounds for which developing countries find themselves directly. The countries of the developing world subjected to colonialism have been set about with a number of impediments through with(predicate)out the years which have hindered social and stinting growth, and laid the foundation which bred cultural conflict. Colonialism, however, too bought western sandwich civilization and all its attractions to develop countries during the unconscious process of colonialism.The following essay will highlight the effects of colonialism on the developing world from an economic, policy-making and social perspective. The colonization of Africa has a long history, and shadow be explained as being set in motion as early as 200 AD, with the migration of Bantu speaking Africans from central Africa to the south of Africa imputable to the agricultural boom and overpopulation of tribes, kn own as unity of the largest human migrations in history (ref). Following the migration of the Bantu language group was the spread of Islam from 750 1500 AD, which was first reliable in West Africa by the Dyaogo Dynasty.Following this spread, the establishment of empires throughout the continent transpired which created extensive trade networks throughout North and West Africa, allowing a peaceful medium through which Islam could broaden through the merchant class (Akosua Perbi, 2001). The Trans-Saharan and internal trade occurring in the same time period contributed to the transformation of inhabitants as a result of the on-going slave trade through Ghana from the 1st to the 16th century. The first stage of European colonialism occurred during 1500 1880, and was based on the prosperous and slave trade.The Portuguese arrived on the coast of West Africa in 1471 to find a rapid trade in slaves and other goods between Ghana and its neighbouring coastal countries (Akosua Perbi, 20 01). Portugal then continued to tint in the trade, and for 100 years were the only(prenominal) European country which traded directly with Ghana and its neighbouring countries (Kimble, 126). Wars often waged between neighbouring countries, with which captives were possessed as slaves and traded in Ghana for gold (Kimble, 126).The most principal(prenominal) phase of colonialism, known as the European scramble for Africa, occurred during the 19th and 20th century following the collapse of the slave trade and the elaboration of the European capitalist Industrial Revolution (Iweribor, 2002). It appears that three factors drove the push for European Imperialism, including economic, political and social motives. Driving the economic factor, the demand for assured sources of unprocessed materials and the search for guaranteed markets and profitable investment outlets were the catalysts to the European scramble and the resultant conquest of Africa (Iweribor, 2002).The political force de rived from the impact of inter-European power struggles between Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Portugal and Spain too played an important role in the process of colonisation. To exhibit superiority, acquisition of territories around the world including Africa was essential to national pre-eminence. The social factor presented the third major element in the push to colonise. As a result of industrialization, extreme social problems appeared in Europe that included unemployment, poverty, social displacement and homelessness as not all muckle could be absorbed by the new capitalist industries (Iweribor, 2002).The acquisition of colonies enabled European countries to send this excess of population into what would then be established as settler-colonies in Algeria, Tunisia, South Africa, Namibia, Mozambique, Angola and some central African areas like Zimbabwe and Zambia (Iweribor, 1). The interplay of these economic, political and social factors led to the crazed attempts by European agents to declare and establish a piece of land in African territory for trade and claims to control of waterways and commercial routes throughout parts of Africa.The extremity of the scramble forced the German chancellor Otto von Bismarck to collect a summit of European powers to avoid the possibility of inter-imperialist conflict, known as the Berlin Conference held from November 1884 to February 1885 (Stilwell, 2002). The conference fabricated the Berlin Act, a treaty with provisions to lead the learn of the European imperialist opposition in Africa. This treaty, drawn up without African participation, provided the grounds for the successive separation, invasion and colonisation of Africa.It presented European powers an open market for trade that bought more from colonial power than it sold overall (Shillington, 2005). From this stage, African territory was divided randomly between the European countries. France and England had a significant influence in reshaping th e colonies. Britain as well as Germany utilized the idea of Imperial Monachy, while the French struggled to incorporate Africans into republican traditions (Grinker, 2010). During this process, some of the local values and institutions were replaced by more modern/western ones.Furthermore, colonisation obstructed the internal process of state formation and development in Africa, leaving legacies of corruption and political instability (Tangie, 2006). Africa experience extreme cultural clashes which were resultant from the influence of political, economic, social and religious factors on the indigenous societies of Africa. Along with the occupation, the Europeans brought with them traditions and religions to implement and utilize as a justification for their movement in Africa at the time (Tangie, 2006).The effects of colonialism can be reflected in the changes touching mingled aspects including cultures and institutions. The exploitative utilization of Africa as a means of econom ic prosperity for the superior minority projected Africa as an inferior race. Colonization was a means of displaying racial arrogance that humiliated African leaders and their mass (Toyin, 2005). It encouraged competition and conflict between ethnic groups based on the ideals and principles that had been implemented in the various countries. With violence, colonialism created new frontiers and developed new economic and political objectives.New governments expressed their desire to maintain the colonial boundaries created during the colonisation period, however, it appeared that governmental institutions, good governance skills and experience to rule lacked. These boundaries created back-up zones for guerrilla groups to harass legitimate governments, and also do it impossible for internal unity and identity to be generated among African states (Jacobson, 2007). The imposition of a western system of governance has created many problems that have been difficult to act upon over the years.The western system deviated from the culture and traditions of Africa, which were inherently dictatorial, starting from the family system and ending with the government. A gap was created between the tradition system of governance and that of the Western model, with minimal or no effort made to create a blend between the two. Therefore, as a result, all efforts were towards replacing the traditional systems that were identify as primitive, which veered off from the tradition and cultural norms of the people, contributing to a loss in identity (Jacobson, 2007).After the end of colonialism, a border dispute has become one of the most critical causes of conflict in Africa, particularly manifested in the boundary disputes between Ethiopia and Eritrea, and Nigeria and Cameroon as examples (Teshome, 2009). These lengthy periods of conflict and war, along with famine and droughts detrimentally touch the economy as well as the populations well-being. As a result, the output per head in Africa is the lowest of any major world region, and has expanded easily only since 1960 (Teshome, 2009).The negative effects of colonialism on education can be identified in some colonial countries such as Ethiopia. The Ethiopian educational system faced many obstacles due to the history of educational traditions, as for a long period of time religion was spread by Christian and Islamic missionaries. When Italy invaded Ethiopia, the educational system collapsed and the government was forced to rebuild the system from scratch, and by 1974 only 15. 3 percent of children were attending primary prepare.The main issues were connect to the problems of quality, equity and relevance (Teshome, 2009). Another example relating to education is that of the Senegal case, which illustrates how little is possible when the education system has been affected. According to statistics, two thirds of children enrol in primary school and of that almost a quarter drop out later on (Teshome, 2009). While literacy for children was 49. 1 percent in 2004, in the same year the literacy for adults was only 39. 3 percent (Jacobson, 2007).Over half of the population are unable to read and write, which means over half of the population are unable to acquire jobs. Although colonialism created various obstacles to economic growth, it too introduced integration to the international system for Africa, abolishing the popular slave trade that existed in Africa preceding colonisation (Siemensen, 1999). Colonialism also created a rich diversity in Africa, with a mixture of people, languages, religions and customs which has created the rainbow nation that we are identified with today.The process of colonialism also introduced many Western ideals and practices that are still implemented today that have positively influenced economic growth and social welfare. In conclusion, it can be identified that the effects of colonial rule over African countries has contributed importantly to the issues fa cing developing countries today in relation to economic growth, education, development as well as war and conflict created through policies and ideals implemented during the process of colonialism by European countries.

Psychoanalytic Criticism of A Rose for Emily

Psychoanalytic Criticism of A Rose for Emily A Rose for Emily is a sad story ab step up a woman who struggles with world unable to cope with the death of her get down and being a lonely woman. It is broken into 5 sections in which in each part the narrator shifts the tear down of view. In section 1 the story starts off at Miss Emilys funeral. The funeral is taking place at her home and many throng stick to to pay their respects and also are curious to plan the inside of the house. No one had seen the inside of the house besides the manservant for 10 years.Throughout the story we see the struggles a woman has with loneliness, depression and even necrophilia. Miss Emilys character has many mental problems. Her biggest problem that we see her struggles with is denial. Several times through out the story she struggles with the denial of big issues. Sometimes its the death of a person or other times it was denying the fact that she owed taxes. Another struggle that she deals with is the business of abandonment, which that seems to be what brought on her denial.Growing up her drive was very tyrannical and when her father passes I think she has trouble dealing with not having a controlling presage in her life. That is what brought on the denial of her fathers death. That denial also plays a role in her necrophilia problem later in the story. The startle of Miss Emilys problem is denial. In a couple of cases we see that her denial is a big problem for her. We first see her denial outlet place when she takes place when the narrator talks roughly how she avoided paid taxes.This seems minor at this occlusion because the town had told her that she owed no taxes, and in fact that the city owed her property from her fathers loan to the town. The loan was false barely when her father passed she was left with only a house. Since she was thought of by the town as a tradition, a affair and a care (pg. 148). the town decided to help her out. They didnt think sh e would take charity money so they made up the lie. When the younger hatful started taking over the town they sent her a letter to pay her taxes. She insisted that she owed nothing to the town. The leaders of the town sent a couple of letters to her scarcely got no return.Back and forth it went until they decided to go to her house and collect the money. After a brief discussion she forced them out of her home with out paying and telling them to talk to Colonel Sartoris because she has no taxes in Jefferson. Colonel Sartoris had died by this point but she was unaware because she wouldnt take leave her home. We see her deal with denial when the death of her father comes. The day after he died a group of ladies went up to the house to offer condolences and aid (pg. 151) and Miss Emily met them at the door, dressed as usual and with no trace of grief on her face. (pg. 51) She denied that her father was dead. For 3 days battalion went to her house trying to get her to let them disp ose of the body. And right as they were about to use law and force she allowed them to take the body and burry him. This is when we first signs that she was gong crazy. However, the narrator does say that they didnt think she was crazy at this point but she had to do that. (pg. 151) The third denial she faces is when she murdered Homer Barron. Her and Homer were seen together on several occasions out in town. Many people thought they would marry but then Homer was last seen entering her home.The people of Jefferson thought he had left town after that since he was neer seen again. At the end we learn that she had killed him. His body was lying in an upstairs room. The room was set up almost like that of a room for a bridal. Although filled with dust, the narrator describes a room that at one time was decorated. Homers body was decayed and only the bones were left. There was turn up that she would lay beside him at night. She killed him because she was fearful of abandonment. In a way I think she thought she would always have him by killing him then divergence his body up stairs so she could lay with him until she died.We can look at how she treated death of her father and Homer as denial but it can also be looked at, as she feared abandonment as well. Growing up her father was very strict with her. She wasnt allowed to date any man. Her father was extremely controlling over almost every part of her life. So when her father passed she didnt want to admit it to herself because he was all she had as for as close family goes. I think she needed that controlling figure in her life. Its obvious that she liked Homer and maybe she was scared he would leave her so she killed him. By doing that she would have him forever.Her love for Homer may have come due to the fact that she was like her dad. Even though her dad was controlling of her she had loved him dearly. She was longing for that controlling figure and that is why she fell for Homer. The narrator describes hi m as a mans man. (pg 152) His controlling tendencies were clear when he was seen cussing at the people he was over at work. Through out this story we see Miss Emily struggle with the inner demons of denial and fear of abandonment. I think Faulkner does a great job by showing how there is a mental affect of someone growing up in a controlling environment.

Biblical Worldview Essay Essay

The Apostle Paul wrote to the Ro humanness church to prepare them for his visit to capital of Italy prior to leaving for Spain. He explained to the church how Christians, Jews and Gentiles a want, should view the natural world, our identity, our relationships, and our culture due to our relationship with Christ. He explains the necessity for righteousness because without Christ we are utterly in our sin. But God, through his goodness and grace has provided a way to righteousness through Jesus Christ.The Natural WorldAccording to Genesis, God created the sphere and earth (our natural world) and everything in them. In Romans 120 Paul states, For since the creation of the world Gods invisible qualities-his eternal power and godly nature-have been clearly seen, being understood from what has been made, so that men are without excuse. God created the world, his power and authority is evident in this creation and in this way man was supposed to know Him. However they turned their backs on him and according to verse 22 exchanged the glory of the immortal God for images made to look like mortal man and birds and animals and reptiles. Because of Adam and Eves disobedience in the Garden of Eden, sin came into our natural world which started the demise of spiritual man as well as Gods intended order.Human IdentityGod created man in his own image, (Gen 127). Our identity is firmly open up by knowing God, more specifically, knowing God through Jesus Christ. We are created with a God shaped void in our spirit man. If we do not fill that void with a relationship with God, we will seek to fill it with anything else that gives us temporary pleasure. Paul says in Romans chapter 1, that men turned external from God and turned to idol worship. Three times in this chapter Paul states that God gave them over to their sinful desires (v.24), their shameful lusts (v. 26), and their depraved minds. (v28). In and of ourselves, we are doom to die, not only physically but spiritually . God however, has made a way. Paul eloquently shares the path to salvation, righteousness, and sanctification through Jesus Christ.

Pro Choice IS Pro Life Essay

No woman wants an stillbirth as she wants an ice mosh cone or a Porsche. She wants an abortion as an animal caught in a trap wants to gnaw off its own leg. Frederica Mathewes-Green In a perfect tense arena, incessantlyy maternity would be considered an utmost blessing. In a perfect world, every birth would involve a healthy, beautiful baby-born to absurdly giddy, loving p arnts- with the ascertain of basic needs met and creature comforts strived for. In a perfect world, there would be no such thing as an unwanted pregnancy or the hell of having to make the decision whether or not to terminate. Although the opposing sides will likely never be in agreement on the morality of abortion, both sides can surely agree that the world isnt perfect and that, consequently, not every pregnancy can be cause for joy and happiness. disregardless of where our moral compass points on the issue of abortion, the f motivate remains that an estimated 40-50 million abortions take place worldwide ea ch year and nearly half of them are illegal, unsafe procedures that result in severe disability and even death. Accordingly, in 1973, the United States Supreme Court ruled 72 that a refine to privacy under the due process clause of the 14th Amendment of the Constitution extended to a womans decision to have an abortion. Some pro- livelihood proponents bitterly objected to the landmark decision, known as Roe v Wade, as if they felt the ruling had invented abortion or someways created the problem alto piddleher. The unavoidable reality, however, is that the world is washy and so abortion happens.Chinese folklore from 500 BCE suggests the ingestion of mercury to induce abortion. It happened in 1550 BCE in ancient Egypt. Hippocrates is noted for having prescribed jumping up and down to his female patients suffering unwanted pregnancy It happened in ancient Greece in 421 BC. It happened in the Bible in the book of Numbers. Even Plato proclaimed it the chastise of women to seek early terminations of pregnancies in Theaetetus, circa 360 BCE. Abortion will always happen, as it always HAS happened, and no amount of legislature or religious browbeating will ever change that fact. To be fair, most people who oppose abortion are well intentioned, pious individuals with a reasonable, valid, argument for favoring pro-life. They feel that abortion is the homogeneous of murder life begins at conception. Their religious faith compels them to believe that a fertilized embryo is a man being and, therefore, entitled to the right to live.This argument, however, is based on an mere assumption rather than factual evidence. Joyce Arthur, a contributing writer for The Pro-Choice Action Network, suggests that the belief that a fetus is a living human being with a right to live is simply irrelevant because biology, medicine, law, philosophy, and theology have no consensus on the issue, and neither does society as a whole. Admittedly, the ruling of so many countless aborted fetuse s, unborn and unnamed and unloved, is unsettling to even the strongest supporter of a womans right to choose. Even so, the pro-choice advocates dont just see a fetus they see the whole complicated, imperfect, often sad world where we cant solve everything. We really need to get over this love affair with the fetus and start worrying ab by children.Joycelyn Elders Pro-choice advocates, in scenarios where abortion isnt an option, see only neglected and maltreat children who are born to parents who didnt want them in the first place. They see children who are hungry because their parents are unavailing to provide for them. They see children who will never know healthy love or feel any real and lasting sense of security. Ultimately, they see children who will be born against their mothers will, fully alert that they arent valued by the ones who should value them most, and will do little more with their own troubled lives than perpetuate the vicious cycle of a solidification and brok en society.The Quarterly Journal of Economics, in December 2003, backs this assertion We offer evidence that legalized abortion has contributed signicantly to recent crime reductions. Crime began to fall roughly xviii years after Roe v Wade abortion legalization. The report concludes its study findings with this rather scathing, but factually based statement Roughly half of the crimes committed in the United States are done by individuals born prior to the legalization of abortion. As these older cohorts age out of criminality and are replaced by young offenders born after abortion became legal, we would predict that crime rates will continue to fall.Were pro-choice because we know that our faith cannot answer the question of when a fetus becomes a person. We also know that the whole question of fetal personhood is a disingenuous, & often malicious, attempt to distract us from the real issue-which is that the woman is a person. She is a person endowed by God, the U.S. Constitution , and common sense & decency with rights & responsibilities that she must exercise to the best of her ability, using her own best judgment. -The Reverend Dr. Katherine Hancock RagsdaleSupporters of pro choice see the woman facing an un mean, unwanted pregnancy in a more compassionate light than do pro life advocates. Those in favor of a womans right to choose have the open mindedness needed to recognize the unique and varied circumstances that lead a woman to opt for an abortion. They see rape victims who, after having had control of their bodies taken once, shouldnt be expected to incubate, give birth to, financially and emotionally support, and somehow manage to love a constant reminder of violence and fear and sexual assault. They see victims of incest who, in reality, are only children themselves. They see loving parents who HAD planned a pregnancy, only to be given heart wrenching news the baby will suffer extreme birth defects and have no tone of life. They see the straight-A student with a hard earned college scholarship who finds out that shes pregnant the day before her high school graduation.They see fearful women who fear the judgment of their overly religious families. These are the women who, without access to a safe one, will attempt to perform abortions on themselves or seek the serve up of an untrained hand, using unsafe procedures, in a non-sterile environment often with tragic results. According to the World Health Organization in Oct. 2006, back-alley abortions cause 68,000 paternal deaths each year in the 33 countries where abortion is not legal or available.Understand that unwanted pregnancy does not always return into unwanted births, but the developmental research of children unwanted during pregnancy does suggest that when women say they cannot adequately care for a child, it is of the utmost importance that we listen -Rachel Needle, PsyDTo be pro-choice is to truly care about others and to support a womans right not to give birth to a child she feels unable to care for. Despite the Pro Life claim that abortion is taking the easy way out, those in favor of choice realize that an imperfect world sometimes finds a woman in an impossible, desperately terrifying situation. The decision to terminate a pregnancy is far from the easy way out and, in many cases, may be the only course of action viable to the mother.The decision not to sentence a child to a life of poverty or sickness or oppression is humane if it is nothing else. Ultimately, being pro choice means working towards a world where abortion is legal and safe and rare. Being pro choice means supporting the right of every woman to decide whats best for her own future, to act in the best interests of her own physical and emotional wellbeing, and to try her best to do whats right for herself and the family involved.To be PRO-CHOICE is to be, quite literally, PRO (happy, healthy, beautiful) LIFE for everyone. The hold and the promise of such a life, however, can be made possible only through loving-kindness, genuine compassion, and- above all else- the freedom of choice.AbouZahr, Carla. British medical checkup Bulletin. Oxford Journals. British Medical Bulletin, Dec. 2003. Web. 13 Oct. 2013. Arthur, Joyce. Personhood Is a Fetus a Human Being? THE PRO-CHOICE ACTION NETWORK. The Pro Choice Action Network, Aug. 2001. Web. 13 Oct. 2013. courteous Rights. Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 12 Oct. 2013. . Donahue, John J., III, and Steven D. Levitt. THE IMPACT OF LEGALIZED ABORTION ON CRIME*. Rep. no. Quarterly Report. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, May 2001. Web. 13 Oct. 2013.Russi, Nancy F., PhD. When Pregnancies Are Unwanted. Prochoiceforum.org.uk. Board of cordial & Ethical Responsibility for Psychology of the American Psychological Association, 05 Mar. 2002. Web. 13 Oct. 2013. Sankin, Aaron. Abortion Poverty Study Finds Link Between Lack Of Access And Income. The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 14 Nov. 2012. Web. 13 Oct. 2013. Smith, Sharon. Abortion Is Every Womans Right. Abortion Is Every Womans Right. N.p., 23 Apr. 2004. Web. 12 Oct. 2013.

Cub Foods Essay

In general it is characterized with low prices, tables of samples and in racy spirits discounts. While the following marketing simulated military operation were used by Cub Foods to increase probability of purchases1. Promotional Price Deals At the entry aisle, called a power alley is lined 2 stories high with specials, such as coffee bean $2 and half priced apple juice. 2. Physical evidence effect on cognitive Ceiling joists and girders ar expose giving the feeling of spaciousness up there, it suggests theres massive buying going on, translates in a shoppers mind that theres frightening savings going on. 3. Purchase Quantity The obtain carts are wider than usual to encourage expansive buying, and that fit through the wide aisles to easily reach high profit impulse foods. 4. Purchase Location Another tactic, that deli comes before fresh meat because Cub wants shopper to do the impulse buying before their budgets are depleted on essentials. 5. Packaged clean grocery was of low prices (by controlling the cost and high volume sales) and exceptionally high quality for products and meats. 6. Maps to guide shoppers, horizontal without maps they would be lead by the arrangement of aisles.What accounts for Cubs success in generating such large sales per customer and per store?1. They properly reveal their segment of customers and focus on its segment which is a family of 4-5 individuals with adult ages 24 40 years. 2. Proper positioning as low cost leadership, vast pickaxe & good quality. The customers can found everything they need under one roof and cheaper than its competitors. 3. Their customers buy in volume and spend 4 times the supermarket average per shopping trip. 4. Relies on the word of mouth cuts on ad budgets by 25% less than other chains. 5. Pricing 6 points less than most conventional stores. give Cubs lower prices, quality merchandise, excellent location and superior assortment, offer reasons why many consumers in its trading areas refuse to shop there.1. The consuming displays could be confusing for some customers. 2. The misconception of low prices reflecting lower quality. 3. Could be of different targeted segment i.e. single that do not need volume purchases

Effects of Government Bailout of General Motors as Viewed by Two Contrasting Government Control Views

Legal Environment of Business Legal Environment of equity Paper 1, Spring 2009 Effects of political sympathies bailout of ecumenical Motors as viewed by two contrasting g all overnment control views Summary This report is based on the notes I took listening to a debate I overheard from two of the presenters, Jurgis and comparison, at a business seminar I attended. The topic of the debate was the need for the government activity to support more supporter to General Motors, who already received stimulus payments but due to the economic recession, is however in peril.Jurgis had the socialistic view that the more government involvement and influence the better. Jurgis believed that employers, operationing conditions, and the positions themselves should be correct by the government. par had an opposing view of capitalism, and the need to limit the involvement of the government and let the prudence work itself out. equation felt thither was enough support for the employees wit hout need for any more earthdated by the government. In conclusion I chord with many of the aspects Equality presented.General Motors was already assumption assistance they need to be given the chance and motivation to try to rescue themselves. In hi fib its been proven that the economy pull up stakes right itself, government involvement has a tendency to realise the side worse. While attending a business seminar on the impacts of further oil shale development in the unify States, I became fascinated with two contrary presenters. Jurgis promoted the thought that we need more laws and government control to cheer us from ourselves.Equality had a laissez-faire view of government involvement. Equality felt that the government should curb limited personnel and control over the people and marketplace. After the seminar I noticed Jurgis and Equality having a conversation and decided to tag along and listen to their conversation. Jurgis and Equality were discussing the government bailout of General Motors and the proposal for additive m aney requisite since the first extension period is almost up and the first disbursement of pecuniary resource did little to help General Motors.Due to the economic recession people have stopped buy new cars and General Motors has not up to now sold their December production. Jurgis argued that the government moldiness intervene to entertain employees jobs and welf be by instituting more laws and regulations to protect the workers as well as providing economic subsidies. Jurgis verbalize that if General Motors should be allowed to fail then the loss of jobs will pit man against man, any(prenominal)thing Jurgis knows about. In Russia, at that place were rich men who owned every(prenominal)thing (Sinclair, p. 13) Jurgis argues that without regulation and control with regard to the employee than the conditions he suffered through in Russia will return. I remembered from my business law class that before unions and re gulation, Workers, often women and sometimes electric razorren, worked 60 to 70 hours per workweek and sometimes more, standing at assembly lines in suffocating, dimly lit factories, performing monotonous yet dangerous work with heavy machinery (Samuelson, p. 403) , we do need some form of workplace regulation.Equality contend the need for increased government help and regulation, every man should work to achieve for himself, not the special K good. Equality s assistance that he was once told Many men in the Homes of the Scholars have had strange new ideas in the past but when the majority of their brother Scholars voted against them, they abandoned their ideas, as all men must (Rand, p. 73) , this kind of mentality only suppresses the people, it doesnt help them. He doesnt want to return to a society that has no respect for individualism, only what benefits the whole.Equality fears that if we allow the government some control over General Motors, its workers, and operation, t hen eventually more and more control will be given until every aspect of life and even death is controlled. Jurgis told Equality about the working conditions and life he had lived because there was no regulation, no union to represent and bargain for the worker. Jurgis explained how his wife had gotten a job for a packer, and the charr she replaced was let go only because she was sick, not due to performance. manyone must look out for the workers, and the government has a responsibility to be this regulator.I remember from my business law book a story of miners working conditions Temperatures in the mines were well over 100 degrees. Miners drank more than three gallons of water every day. Some suddenly collapsed Within minutes they were dead, but even before they died, their places in the mine were taken by other workers desperate for pay. This was when unions developed to protect and fight for the workers. Equality said the people should be allowed to brandish or fail on their own, let General Motors control its own fate.For every amount of power that is given to the government, there is a corresponding loss of personal freedom and in the case of General Motors, economic success. And if the government keeps bailing out General Motors and other companies, what argon we telling these companies? General Motors was already given a disbursement to aid their financial situation if they chose to misuse this bailout then maybe they deserve to fail. Equality said that There is nothing to take a mans freedom a federal agency from him, present other men. To be free, a man must be free of his brothers. That is freedom.This and nothing else. (Rand, p. 101) Each man must have the ability to provide for themselves, even if it is in competition and at the cost of other man. As I listened to Jurgis and Equality debate, I remembered that under statute 9 of the National Labor relations Act of 1935 the union will represent all the designated employees, regardless of wh ether a particular worker wants to be represented. (Samuelson, p. 407) . Equality argues that each person should be responsible for him or herself and have the right to choose if, when, who, or how they should be represented.But Jurgis said that some workers may not realize that they need representation, or work in bad or illegal conditions. This is the case with child labor, laws are indispensable to limit child labor, and someone must also represent them. The government should not only provide the money needed to keep General Motors going, but also increase its oversight of the company making sure that the employees are taken care of. Jurgis told Equality that there are people that are above the law kindred the man that made his wife Ona bend to his wishes at the threat of her family.When Jurgis found out about this and confronted and assaulted the man, Jurgis was the one that was hauled off and given an unfair trial. Jurgis had to spend 30 days in jail, and his family paid th e price. As far as Jurgis is concerned this pillowcase of power and wealth needs to be controlled by the government to make sure that every man has value and a say in his life. There are so many workers for General Motors that the government must help it keep going to keep these workers employed, safe, and able to live. Equality told Jurgis of a similar, but opposing story from his life.From birth he was told what he was, how he would live and even die. You were assigned an occupation, there was no occupational protection provided you did as the government told you until you were no longer worth(predicate) to society. When you were deemed worthless you reported to house of the dying to live out the few remaining moments of your life. We are nothing. valet de chambre is all. By the grace of our brothers are we allowed our lives. We exist through, by and for our brothers who are the State. Amen. (Rand, p. 20) This was the only prayer aloud.Jurgis argued that we need a society an d government based on socialism, that its the responsibility of the majority to look after its people. By giving General Motors the aid they require in return for some control over the company, its operations, and employees, we would come across toward socialism. Jurgis felt that he owed his life to socialism, and that it was the answer to any problem he faced or had endured. Equality on the other hand continued to argue that the government needed to be controlled and that society needed to be based on capitalism.As power was given to the government little by little, its boilersuit control over society grew until it was the controller. Equality argues this point with bailout and help of General Motors. By giving aid the government in turn acquires power over the company, its share holders, and employees themselves. In conclusion I agree that extended help in the form of funds may not be the best way to help General Motors. Since this aid comes with strings attached, the government does indeed move to the socialist schema. As depict in the video on the American form of government (http//www. imp. com/thegovernment/, 2008) the state of government is always miserable to a monarchy or oligarchy. Any move away from a system based on a republic ideology always ends with an oligarchy. But this is a continuing cycle, as seen in a primal way in Anthem. General Motors has already had some assistance, now it should be left alone. There are enough current laws and government involvements to make sure that the employees are at the least, treated fairly. Though some may end up temporarily unemployed ore are pushed to find a different type of work, these people will make it.Should General Motors fail, another company will step into its shoes and stuff the void. There is too much need for their products for them to simply disappear. Bibliography http//www. wimp. com/thegovernment/. (2008). Retrieved from http//www. wimp. com/thegovernment/ http//www. wimp. com/thegover nment/ Rand, A. (1995). Anthem. New York, NY SIGNET. Samuelson, B. (2008). Legal Environment, Third Edition. Mason, OH South-Western, Cengage Learning. Sinclair, U. (2004). The Jungle. New York, NY poke Books, a division of Simon & Schuster, Inc.

Economics Commentary Essay

The collusive1 market structure that the japanese traditional industry has traced over previous years has increasingly become to fail. The tendency of companies abandoning cross-shareholdings2 has generated a in deep sparing loss resulting from a reduce in the total revenue of corporations in the country. The attempt of industries such as steel, paper and muscularity as well as car making companies and electronic firms3 to consolidate frugal partnership by dint of means of oligopoly, has comed deliberately from 50% of the market values to 20% over the last 17 years.The benefits of share holding companies were determined in preceding times to maximize profits by jointly agreeing in a fixed equipment casualty which lead avoid price wars and on that pointfore substantial revenues4. alike assuming the interdependent behaviors, cross-shareholding companies act together to establish high barriers of entry to the industry in target to preserve ascendancy and evade competitiveness to have a high indices of demand. As the extract mentions, there is a bought share between companies to prevent the overhaul of others and to regulate the number of firms within the market as it happened with Mitsubishi when 11 other companies had an acquisition of shares to block the outsider.As these companies were subdued to price controls of the industry, the demand influence will therefore be highly inelastic responding to the few amount of substitutes5 that the industry seeks to have in flow.However the concerns about the crumbling of the traditional tendency of cross-shareholding are given with the results in the change of behavior of the industry. along with the abandonment of share holding companies, the industry becomes vulnerable to external entry and in the case of lacquer foreign investments which increases competition. As there is increase in supply of same products, demand for products of individual firms will fall and the demand curve will shift to the left.Demand shifts to the left from D1 to D2 due to the increase in supply with the entry of new firms and the removal of a unique price of product in the all industry.As the result in the shifting of the demand curve of any Japanese product prices of ostensibly reduce as shown in the previous figure. From P1, being the demand of a cross-holding alliance of the market, and P2 the consequent decrease of this model. Quantity produced also lessens from Q1 to Q2 as costs of production are directly proportional to the loss of profit6 with the fall prices.Due to price decline, total revenue also decreases as both quantity and price of products decrease considerately. The impacts of this phenomenon on Japanese economy is illustrated with losses of the questioned firms. Between March and September more than 160 shareholding companies muddled a total of 300 billion in value. 610Banks and monetary institutions have also been affected as these companies are part of the essential capital they lend ag ainst.Despite the increase in cross-shareholding companies since 2004, the evident economic impact of the criss-crossed capitalism are starting to arise. The Japanese government in response has been working on regulatory measures to prevent this phenomenon future repercussions.Works Cited * Economic Basis Demand and Supply. In the internet http//www.investopedia.com/university/ economic science/economics3.asp, s.t.* Economic Basis Monopolies, Oligopolies and Perfect Competition, s.t. In the internet http//www.investopedia.com/university/economics/economics6.asp, s.t.* Introduction to economics* WHITTEN, Darrel. Japan Japans System Of Interlocking Shareholdings. In the internet http//www.mondaq.com/article.asp?articleid=24335, 2004.1 A commonly accepted price determination of oligopolists to prevent competition of prices over similar products.2 When to or more firms3 hold distributively other shares.3 Institutions that employ production factors to produce and hence sell goods and se rvices.4 The resultant economic gains of multiplying the price of a good times the quantity of that good sold (TR=pxq).5 Similar products with real differentiations that determine price elasticity of demand.6 Net income in gains of a businesses activity.

Conflicting Perspectives: Ted Hughes’ Anthology of Birthday Letters Essay

CONFLICTING PERSPECTIVESConflicting perspectives hoist due to infixed human experiences, impressioning in selection perceptions of situations, events and personalities. In Ted Hughes anthology of Birthday Letters, song is utilised as an emotional medium to extend the transient nature of perspectives by reflecting on his libertine relationship with Sylvia Plath concurrently chin wag MM1 ? Are you sure you motivation to opine perspectives ar ephemeral?You do know that means temporary, orshortlived right? bring out how composers can manipulate the preconceived ideas of responders to protect public identity. Ted Hughes utilises the poetic form and his reflection on his turbulent relationship with Sylvia Plath as a means to express the X nature of strange perspectives, ultimately disclosure how composers can manipulate the preconceived ideas of responders to protect their public identity. (Hughes poem Full BrightFulbright Scholars discusses how memories be subjective, and ma y budge with time, whilst Red is positioned to irresolution the conflict regarding Plaths personality.) Alternatively, both Sidney Lumets 12 Angry Men and Sarah Curchwells es severalize Secret and Lies explore how perspectives are coloured by footnote MM2 Or perhaps honorable telltale(a) the role of personal agenda in manipulating public perception stimulation MM3 Too long, withal wordy, too many ideas in the one sentence. Also, poetry is the textual form, not the medium they refer to in the rubric if youre referring to medium in another sense of the word, find another way to express it chit-chat MM4 Er, I wouldnt really introduce these in the introduction preferably leave until the beinterpretation and personal inclinees. These varying perspectives are necessary for audiences to better discern the truth from through an dread of why opposed perspectives encounter.The interplay between memory and hindsight rarely tessellate with the truth, as memories are inherently a quiline on subjective human experience. This subjectivity is seen through the sense of uncertainty which permeates Full BrightFulbright Scholars, with the rhetorical question in where was it, in the strand? and repetition of the speculative look in maybe and or revealing the inner conflict between real events and memory. The older nostalgic Hughes evidences an irony in that he distinctly appears to remember the negative aspects of Plath at that time, with the layering effect and negative connotation in her exaggerated American smiling for the cameras, the judges, the strangers reinforcing her as superficialher superficiality/her public faade. Further, the allusion to an actress famed for her role as the femme fatale, her in Veronica Lake bang is an innuendo about her multiple masks disguising her true personality.This reveals the range of hindsight, as the additional communicateation of Plath delivers a better understanding of a past situation. Similarly, in The Shot, Hughes argues through an extended metaphor that the vague mist of her superficiality prevented him from sensing her true intent. The He utilises the pass off visual imagery of the gun is to suggest that the truth had always existed, and insofar Hughes commenting that the truth was always there, yet his emotions influenced his perceptions, as he metaphorically did not even know he had been hit. This These ideas reveals that memories areComment MM5 This is niceComment MM6 Avoid too much certainty clearly also you beneficial said sense of uncertainty, and yet he clearly remembersComment MM7 Need to explain Comment MM8 Hmm, perhaps, nevertheless probably not the most effective explanation of this allusion/technique. Veronica Lake was known for her role as the femme fatale a role where basically the woman seduces the man to his downfall. Yes, it kind of is an innuendo to the fact that she, too, has a personal agenda, exactly the point of that innuendo is to suggest that Plath is ultimat ely to blame, i.e. cast her in a negative light as opposed to himself, reversing preconceived ideasthat it was very his transformation as obviously the femme fatale is seen as being at fault for leading the male character to his downfall.Comment MM9 Information? The term seems too objective how can you be sure this is information and not a purposeful misportrayal? Also, would you regard hindsight as a value or a fallibility?The question here is the question of CP, its nature and how they arise value of hindsight is ultimately strange unless you can link it back to CP (when I said fallibility, fallibility in the sense that it distorts the true memory he did not, at the time, notice her exaggerated grin or her numerous flaws. Yet, in hindsight, he is. Is this really a value when we are looking in terms of the truth? (your topic sentence)subjectivethe subjectivity of nature, and that hindsight can be a more(prenominal) objective tool which can be make use ofd to reveal the tru th.Conflicting perspectives arise from the conflict of personal agenda, as composers attempt to manipulate responders attitudes. This is conveyed inHughes poem, Red, where Conflicting perspectives often occur when individuals contend with each other in order to persuade responders on their correct views, as occurs in Red.Hughes he personifies Plaths rage and passion through the extended metaphor of Red,, with the The alliterative tone in you revelled in red suggesting suggests that Plaths life was dominated by images of blood. This unwarranted imagery and recurring motif of the blood, as seen in the carpet of blood patterned with darkenings and congealments reveals Plaths victimisation of Hughes, through the waste imagery how Plath victimized Hughes. When considering this in contextComment MM14 I like the firstsentence, but Im not so sure about your explanation of the composers purpose. How does the fact that she saw poetry as a solace from life reflect a glowering personality?th rough the use of personal pronouns which accentuate the contrast between the extendedComment MM15 States? Stating is Ihave a script a direct command.perceptions of Plaths personality as conveyed through her poetry. states that responders seem to have a false perception of Plaths personalitythrough her poetry. This is similarlymetaphor of Your Paris and My Paris. Through this, Hughes suggests that responders sympathetic interpretations of Plaths Paris, as a misinterpretation of her true private life, are skewed. By extension responders interpretations of Plaths Paris are seen as incorrect, as it differs from her true private life. This reveals that composers can use emotiveComment MM16 Within? Do you mean the multiple unlike perspectives of Plaths character, or Plaths own conflicting natures? Comment MM17 You need to try and be more subtle, incorrect is far too confident/ cutting a termtechniques to mislead audiences. When Hughes informs responders that Plath has more than one s ide, he is forcing responders to ask themselves if they know the real Plath.Contrastingly, interpretations of texts are often found to be conflictingconflict due to responders presumptions regarding events. In the scholarly essay Secrets and Lies, Churchwell adopts a feminist viewpoint to critique Hughes perspective regarding Plaths suicide when she states I dont look at in this kind of determinism. I dont believe she was doomed to die. I dont believe that for one minute. The repetition of the I dontThrough the use of intense emotive language and hyperbole she presents her view that Hughes was a monster who forced his wife into a life of national drudgery, with the bestial imagery of monster further emphasising her distaste of Hughes. Thus, when Churchwell presents her feminist view that Plath became a martyr, she is dis nurseing with Hughes public opinion that her trajectory perfect, as in The shot. Thus, Churchwell utilises persuasive language and the essay structure as a seemi ngly intellectual and un diagonal form to enhance a tone of authority and position responders to agree with Churchwellher. This is a nicely written paragraph, but much too short. Further, quite a bit of it is apparently stating/discussing her view.To move with certainty into the B6 range, you need to actually analyse it in relation to the nature of conflicting perspectives what does whatever the composer say implicitly show? (Her manipulation, her personal agenda, her personal bias) you need to do more than state her view, and actually position yourself as an objective triad party, analysing her influences and so on. She is clearly strongly biased against Hughes, and you need to say this what you basically say is that she is disgusted with Hughes, yes, but this reveals her personal bias. She does not attempt to view both sides of the situation. In fact, did she even know either of them personally? (Uncertain) Either way, she is merely another biased and speculative third part y slenderly ironic.Similarly to Churchwell, Sidney Lumets 12 Angry Men discusses how stigmas and preconceived ideas can result in a misappropriation of the truth. juror 4s stigma is seen as he generalises and externalises his hate of the lowersocioeconomic class, stating that children of slum backgrounds are potential menaces with a close-up of his forceful exterior revealingComment MM19 You jump too fast into analysis, you need to ease the marker in. What is the text even about? (Explain in relation to CP)the strength of his belief. However, the deadpan silence which follows the shrill non-diegetic music of Juror 4s statement is the utility of the film medium to break the fourth wall and forces audiences to consider the error of this, as films allow audiences to understand both perspectives. Hughes similarly identifies his own bias with the juxtaposition of Plaths aestheticized city with the admission that my perspectives were hide ironically presentedComment MM20 This phrasing doesnt make sense.Comment MM21 How This is too vague and generalto inform audiences of Hughes truths despite utilising a medium where emotive language is paramount. Thus, when a low angle shot accompanies Juror 11s forceful tone when he uses juxtaposes both inclusive and exclusive language to say assert that were right and hes wrong, the audience understands that it is impossible for two parties with opposingComment MM24 Definitely too long a link should be effective, perhaps 2030words.These conflicting perspectives between Hughes and Churchwell arise as a result of the difference in representations and mediations which consistently interfere with the macrocosm of direct, private, inner access to reality in Hughes relationship to Plath, with Lumet further attributing this to personal biases and stigmas This representation of a subjective event toComment MM25 Okay but your essay should be on the general nature of conflicting perspectives, just like your belonging essay should be o n the general nature of belonging credence nurtures a sense of identity vs. H&C highlight different ideas of acceptance within their texts (some liaison textspecific)reveal a more serious issue regarding Plaths suicide and Juror 4s bias are the composersFormatted Font Boldinforming responders to critically evaluate all information, and attempt to identity andComment MM26 Wouldnt you say all of them have personal bias?disregard their own stigmas when considering potentially biased information.Formatted Font BoldComment MM27 What is the more serious issue? Should you really be almost suggesting that anything is more serious than suicide?Formatted Font BoldComment MM28 Conclusion is far too long and ineffective. Also, somewhat oddly unsophisticated at times. A load of odd grammatical errors. Yet the whole thing needs to be written again rather than rewriting what you have here.howyoushouldbewritingistoshowyouoneofmyownpreparedparagraphs Composers of a text present attitudes which are shaped by their underlying personal agendas. Ted Hughes Birthday Letters, as a collection of poems which contribution together his relationship with Sylvia Plath, works to challenge the medias vilification of him. In The Minotaur, Hughes portrays Plath as the aggressor in their relationship by casting himself into the role of the victim. This is conveyed through the deliberate use of familial connotations whilst he describes Plaths smashing of his mothers heirloom sideboard, to evoke the responders sympathy for his plight. The sense of loss, which is furthered in the metaphor mapped with the scars of my whole life, illustrates the significantly damaging impact Plath has made on his past. In the violent imagery and mythicalSuch manipulation of textual form conveys Hughes coloured perspective as he attempts to reverse previously biased attitudes towards Plath, highlighting the way in which personal agenda shapes a composers representation.

Using Animals in Disease Research

Using Animals in Disease Research People all everywhere the world maintain different opinions on whether brute testing is an ethical way to research drugs and treatments or not. Almost every medical advancement has involved apply of animals including discovery of penicillin, organ transplantation, vaccines etc. Scientists should drug abuse animals in disease research because nowadays it is the only right way to develop drugs, treatments and cures for diseases and to be genuine that new products are safe to use.The first reason why animals should be used in research laboratory testing is that it is the best way to do the research not on human beings but on something that is very similar to humans by chemistry, cell structure and organization. Only drug testing on animals entrust shows maximally closest result to what will happen in the humans body. Perhaps we werent be adequate to cure even very common diseases in present-day medicine without using animals in researches. The guerrilla reason why scientists should use animals in their researches is that animals rights are still protected and they dont pure tone pain during the testing.According to Foundation for Biomedical Research, the Public Health Service Act, Federal laws, and Animal Welfare deport controls the removal of pain. All animals used in procedures always relieved from pain by anesthesia. A well-treated animal provide more reliable scientific results, which is the goal of all researchers. The last reason why using animals in research is necessary is that human beings are more important than animals. Animals quickly reproduce itself and they have short life cycle that help scientists to study effects of the drugs on several generations. Also animals potty be donors of organs for humans.The society knows many facts in a last few years about transplanting of animals organs into human body. The opponents of using animals in disease research cleverness say that scientists could discover dr ugs using alternative methods such as computer models. However, scientists should see the drug bodily function in all system of living organism to be sure how it works. Using animals in lab testing and researches is necessary because alternative methods are currently not as reliable. Testing drugs and treatments on animals will someday help scientists find the cure for diseases like Alzheimer, AIDS, and cancer.

Recovery System Dbms

17. convalescence System in entropybase management system Presentation Transcript 1. Chapter 17 recuperation System * mishap Classification * Storage Structure * Reco truly and Atomicity * pound-Based convalescence * dwarf Paging * convalescence With Concurrent exertions * Buffer precaution * Failure with divergence of Nonvolatile Storage * Advanced Recovery Techniques * read/write memory Recovery Algorithm * conflicting Backup Systems 2. Failure Classification * Transaction failure * Logical misappre hensions doing post non complete due to some internal error limit * System errors the infobase system moldiness terminate an vigorous exercise due to an error condition (e. . , deadlock) * System scoot a power failure or some other hardw ar or softw atomic number 18 failure ca affairs the system to crash. * Fail-stop assumption non-volatile shop contents be assumed to not be misdirect by system crash * infobase systems confine numerous integrity check s to impede corruption of discus info * Disk failure a head crash or similar plough failure destroys tout ensemble or eccentric of magnetic disk computer memory * Destruction is assumed to be detec delay disk drives use checksums to detect failures 3. Recovery Algorithms Recovery algorithms are proficiencys to en for sure entropybase consistency and dealings atomicity and durability despite failures * counselling of this chapter * Recovery algorithms exact two parts * Actions taken during normal consummation touch on to ensure liberal information exists to bump from failures * Actions taken aft(prenominal) a failure to recover the database contents to a soil that ensures atomicity, consistency and durability 4. Storage Structure * Volatile retentiveness * does not survive system crashes * illustrations principal(prenominal) remembrance, cache memory * Nonvolatile storage survives system crashes * examples disk, tape, flash memory, non-volatile (battery back ed up) RAM * S panel storage * a mythical form of storage that survives completely failures * approximated by maintaining multiple copies on distinct nonvolatilisable media 5. S elude-Storage Implementation * Maintain multiple copies of individually tote on separate disks * copies stool be at remote sites to protect against disasters much(prenominal) as fire or flooding. * Failure during data transfer skunk still result in inapposite copies Block transfer can result in * make completion Partial failure oddity read engine interrupt has incorrect information * Total failure destination block was neer updated * Protecting storage media from failure during data transfer (one solution) * Execute produce subprogram as follows (assuming two copies of each block) * Write the information onto the original physical block. * When the first write success wide of the marky completes, write the equal information onto the reciprocal ohm physical block. * The make is holy only subsequently the second write successfully completes. 6.Stable-Storage Implementation (Cont. ) * Protecting storage media from failure during data transfer (cont. ) * Copies of a block may differ due to failure during getup subroutine. To recover from failure * First bring in consonant blocks * Expensive solution Compare the two copies of either disk block. * Better solution * Record in-progress disk writes on non-volatile storage (Non-volatile RAM or surplus area of disk). * Use this information during recuperation to find blocks that may be inconsistent, and only compare copies of these. Used in hardware RAID systems * If either model of an inconsistent block is notice to assimilate an error (bad checksum), overwrite it by the other retroflex. If both have no error, still are different, overwrite the second block by the first block. 7. entropy admission charge * Physical blocks are those blocks residing on the disk. * Buffer blocks are the blocks residing tempor arily in main memory. * Block movements in the midst of disk and main memory are initiated through the pastime two trading exertions * input ( B ) transfers the physical block B to main memory. output ( B ) transfers the fender block B to the disk, and replaces the discriminate physical block there. * Each transaction T i has its private work-area in which local copies of whole data specifics accessed and updated by it are kept. * T i s local copy of a data item X is c wholeed x i . * We assume, for simplicity, that each data item fits in, and is stored inside, a single block. 8. Data Access (Cont. ) * Transaction transfers data items between system pilot program blocks and its private work-area employ the pursuance operations * read ( X ) assigns the rate of data item X to the local variable x i . write ( X ) assigns the value of local variable x i to data item X in the pilot burner block. * both these commands may necessitate the issue of an input (B X ) instructi on in front the assignment, if the block B X in which X resides is not already in memory. * rifleings * practise read ( X ) musical composition accessing X for the first time * every subsequent accesses are to the local copy. * After come through access, transaction executes write ( X ). * output ( B X ) need not neighboring(a)ly follow write ( X ).System can perform the output operation when it deems fit. 9. caseful of Data Access x Y A B x 1 y 1 buff store Buffer Block A Buffer Block B input(A) output(B) read(X) write(Y) disk work area of T 1 work area of T 2 memory x 2 10. Recovery and Atomicity * Modifying the database without ensuring that the transaction will commit may leave the database in an inconsistent cite. * Consider transaction T i that transfers $50 from account A to account B goal is either to perform both database modifications made by T i or none at entirely. Several output operations may be postulate for T i (to output A and B ). A failure may occu r ulterior on one of these modifications have been made but origin all(prenominal)y all of them are made. 11. Recovery and Atomicity (Cont. ) * To ensure atomicity despite failures, we first output information describing the modifications to inactive storage without modifying the database itself. * We consume two approaches * put down- ground recovery , and * tail assembly-paging * We assume (initially) that proceedings run serially, that is, one after the other. 12. Log-Based Recovery A pound is kept on constant storage. * The put down is a sequence of enter discharges , and maintains a write down of update activities on the database. * When transaction T i readinessoffs, it registers itself by writing a T i break up enter bring down * Before T i executes write ( X ), a account book study T i , X, V 1 , V 2 is written, where V 1 is the value of X before the write, and V 2 is the value to be written to X . * Log insert notes that T i has performed a write on data item X j X j had value V 1 before the write, and will have value V 2 after the write. When T i finishes it last statement, the pound record T i commi t is written. * We assume for instanter that put down records are written directly to invariable storage (that is, they are not buffered) * Two approaches using enters * Deferred database modification * spry database modification 13. Deferred Database Modification * The deferred database modification scheme records all modifications to the log, but defers all the write s to after partial commit. * Assume that proceedings execute serially Transaction starts by writing T i start record to log. * A write ( X ) operation results in a log record T i , X, V being written, where V is the unsanded value for X * preeminence sexagenarian value is not needed for this scheme * The write is not performed on X at this time, but is deferred. * When T i partially commits, T i commit is written to the log * Finally, the log records are read and utilize to actually execute the previously deferred writes. 14. Deferred Database Modification (Cont. ) During recovery after a crash, a transaction needs to be refashionne if and only if both T i start and T i commit are there in the log. * recasting a transaction T i ( redo T i ) sets the value of all data items updated by the transaction to the new values. * Crashes can occur maculation * the transaction is executing the original updates, or * while recovery action is being taken * example transactions T 0 and T 1 ( T 0 executes before T 1 ) * T 0 read ( A ) T 1 read ( C ) * A A 50 C- C- 100 Write ( A ) write ( C ) * read ( B ) * B- B + 50 * write ( B ) 15. Deferred Database Modification (Cont. ) * Below we show the log as it appears at cardinal instances of time. * If log on stable storage at time of crash is as in case * (a) No redo actions need to be taken * (b) redo( T 0 ) moldiness be performed since T 0 commi t is puzzle * (c) redo ( T 0 ) must be performed followed by redo( T 1 ) since * T 0 commit and T i commit are present 16. spry Database Modification The immediate database modification scheme allows database updates of an floating(prenominal) transaction to be made as the writes are issued * since discovering may be needed, update logs must have both old value and new value * Update log record must be written before database item is written * We assume that the log record is output directly to stable storage * Can be extended to postpone log record output, so long as prior to execution of an output ( B ) operation for a data block B, all log records corresponding to items B must be flushed to stable storage * end product of updated blocks can take place at both time before or after transaction commit * Order in which blocks are output can be different from the clubhouse in which they are written. 17. Immediate Database Modification Example * Log Write Output * T 0 start T 0 , A, 1000, 950 * T o , B, 2000, 2 050 * A = 950 * B = 2050 * T 0 commit * T 1 start * T 1 , C, 700, 600 * C = 600 * B B , B C * T 1 commit * B A * Note B X denotes block containing X . x 1 18. Immediate Database Modification (Cont. ) * Recovery role has two operations instead of one * unwrap ( T i ) restores the value of all data items updated by T i to their old values, going rearwards from the last log record for T i * redo ( T i ) sets the value of all data items updated by T i to the new values, going forward from the first log record for T i * Both operations must be idempotent That is, even if the operation is executed multiple times the effect is the same as if it is executed once * Needed since operations may get re-executed during recovery * When convalescent after failure * Transaction T i needs to be sunk if the log contains the record T i start , but does not contain the record T i commit . * Transaction T i needs to be re do if the log contains both the record T i start and the record T i c ommit . * Undo operations are performed first, consequently redo operations. 19. Immediate DB Modification Recovery Example * Below we show the log as it appears at three instances of time. * Recovery actions in each case above are * (a) tease apart ( T 0 ) B is restored to 2000 and A to 1000. (b) undo ( T 1 ) and redo ( T 0 ) C is restored to 700, and consequently A and B are * set to 950 and 2050 respectively. * (c) redo ( T 0 ) and redo ( T 1 ) A and B are set to 950 and 2050 * respectively. Then C is set to 600 20. Checkpoints * Problems in recovery procedure as discussed earlier * searching the entire log is time-consuming * we might unnecessarily redo transactions which have already * output their updates to the database. * Streamline recovery procedure by periodically performing checkpointing * Output all log records currently residing in main memory onto stable storage. * Output all modified buffer blocks to the disk. * Write a log record checkpoint onto stable storag e. 1. Checkpoints (Cont. ) * During recovery we need to consider only the more or less recent transaction T i that started before the checkpoint, and transactions that started after T i . * run over indisposeds from end of log to find the most recent checkpoint record * Continue scanning backwards till a record T i start is launch. * Need only consider the part of log following above star t record. Earlier part of log can be ignored during recovery, and can be erased whenever desired. * For all transactions (starting from T i or subsequent) with no T i commit , execute undo ( T i ). (Done only in case of immediate modification. * Scanning forward in the log, for all transactions starting from T i or later with a T i commit , execute redo ( T i ). 22. Example of Checkpoints * T 1 can be ignored (updates already output to disk due to checkpoint) * T 2 and T 3 redone. * T 4 turn T c T f T 1 T 2 T 3 T 4 checkpoint system failure 23. swarthiness Paging * Shadow paging is an a lternative to log-based recovery this scheme is useful if transactions execute serially * Idea maintain two rapscallion tables during the lifetime of a transaction the current paginate table , and the shadow scalawag table * Store the shadow foliate table in nonvolatile storage, such(prenominal) that state of the database prior to transaction execution may be recovered. Shadow rapscallionboy table is never modified during execution * To start with, both the rapscallion tables are identical. Only current page table is used for data item accesses during execution of the transaction. * Whenever any page is about to be written for the first time * A copy of this page is made onto an unused page. * The current page table is then made to point to the copy * The update is performed on the copy 24. Sample Page Table 25. Example of Shadow Paging Shadow and current page tables after write to page 4 26. Shadow Paging (Cont. ) * To commit a transaction * 1. Flush all modified pages in m ain memory to disk * 2. Output current page table to disk * 3.Make the current page table the new shadow page table, as follows * keep a pointer to the shadow page table at a fixed (k straight offn) location on disk. * to make the current page table the new shadow page table, simply update the pointer to point to current page table on disk * Once pointer to shadow page table has been written, transaction is committed. * No recovery is needed after a crash new transactions can start right away, using the shadow page table. * Pages not pointed to from current/shadow page table should be freed (garbage self-collected). 27. Show Paging (Cont. ) * Advantages of shadow-paging over log-based schemes * no overhead of writing log records * recovery is trivial * Disadvantages * Copying the entire page table is very expensive Can be reduced by using a page table unified like a B + -tree * No need to copy entire tree, only need to copy paths in the tree that lead to updated leaf nodes * Com mit overhead is high even with above ack todayledgment * Need to flush every updated page, and page table * Data gets fragmented (related pages get separated on disk) * After every transaction completion, the database pages containing old editions of modified data need to be garbage collected * Hard to extend algorithm to allow transactions to run concurrently * Easier to extend log based schemes 28. Recovery With Concurrent minutes * We modify the log-based recovery schemes to allow multiple transactions to execute concurrently. * whole transactions share a single disk buffer and a single log * A buffer block can have data items updated by one or more transactions * We assume concurrency control using strict two-phase fix * i. e. the updates of uncommitted transactions should not be panoptical to other transactions * Otherwise how to perform undo if T1 updates A, then T2 updates A and commits, and finally T1 has to abort? * log is done as described earlier. Log records of diff erent transactions may be interspersed in the log. * The checkpointing technique and actions taken on recovery have to be changed * since several transactions may be active when a checkpoint is performed. 29. Recovery With Concurrent Transactions (Cont. ) * Checkpoints are performed as before, except that the checkpoint log record is now of the form checkpoint L where L is the add up of transactions active at the time of the checkpoint * We assume no updates are in progress while the checkpoint is carried out (will relax this later) * When the system recovers from a crash, it first does the following * Initialize undo-list and redo-list to empty Scan the log backwards from the end, stopping when the first checkpoint L record is found. For each record found during the backward scan * if the record is T i commit , add T i to redo-list * if the record is T i start , then if T i is not in redo-list , add T i to undo-list * For every T i in L , if T i is not in redo-list , add T i to undo-list 30. Recovery With Concurrent Transactions (Cont. ) * At this point undo-list consists of uncomplete transactions which must be undone, and redo-list consists of finished transactions that must be redone. * Recovery now continues as follows Scan log backwards from most recent record, stopping when T i start records have been encountered for every T i in undo-list . * During the scan, perform undo for each log record that belongs to a transaction in undo-list . * Locate the most recent checkpoint L record. * Scan log forward from the checkpoint L record till the end of the log. * During the scan, perform redo for each log record that belongs to a transaction on redo-list 31. Example of Recovery * Go over the steps of the recovery algorithm on the following log * T 0 star t * T 0 , A , 0, 10 * T 0 commit * T 1 start * T 1 , B , 0, 10 T 2 start /* Scan in Step 4 stops here */ * T 2 , C , 0, 10 * T 2 , C , 10, 20 * checkpoint T 1 , T 2 * T 3 start * T 3 , A , 10, 20 * T 3 , D , 0, 10 * T 3 commit 32. Log Record Buffering * Log record buffering log records are buffered in main memory, instead of of being output directly to stable storage. * Log records are output to stable storage when a block of log records in the buffer is full, or a log force operation is executed. * Log force is performed to commit a transaction by forcing all its log records (including the commit record) to stable storage. Several log records can thus be output using a single output operation, reducing the I/O cost. 33. Log Record Buffering (Cont. ) * The rules below must be followed if log records are buffered * Log records are output to stable storage in the order in which they are created. * Transaction T i enters the commit state only when the log record T i commit has been output to stable storage. * Before a block of data in main memory is output to the database, all log records pertaining to data in that block must have been output to stable st orage. * This rule is called the write-ahead enter or WAL rule * Strictly speaking WAL only requires undo information to be output 34. Database Buffering Database maintains an in-memory buffer of data blocks * When a new block is needed, if buffer is full an existing block needs to be removed from buffer * If the block chosen for removal has been updated, it must be output to disk * As a result of the write-ahead logging rule, if a block with uncommitted updates is output to disk, log records with undo information for the updates are output to the log on stable storage first. * No updates should be in progress on a block when it is output to disk. Can be ensured as follows. * Before writing a data item, transaction acquires exclusive lock on block containing the data item * Lock can be released once the write is completed. * Such locks held for short continuation are called latches . Before a block is output to disk, the system acquires an exclusive latch on the block * Ensures no update can be in progress on the block 35. Buffer Management (Cont. ) * Database buffer can be implemented either * in an area of real main-memory reserved for the database, or * in practical(prenominal) memory * Implementing buffer in reserved main-memory has drawbacks * Memory is partitioned before-hand between database buffer and applications, close flexibility. * Needs may change, and although operate system knows best how memory should be divided up at any time, it cannot change the partitioning of memory. 36. Buffer Management (Cont. ) Database buffers are generally implemented in virtual memory in spite of some drawbacks * When operating(a) system needs to evict a page that has been modified, to make space for another page, the page is written to swap space on disk. * When database decides to write buffer page to disk, buffer page may be in swap space, and may have to be read from swap space on disk and output to the database on disk, resulting in extra I/O * Known as dual paging trouble. * Ideally when swapping out a database buffer page, operating system should pass control to database, which in turn outputs page to database instead of to swap space (making sure to output log records first) * Dual paging can thus be avoided, but common operating systems do not support such functionality. 37. Failure with Loss of Nonvolatile Storage So further we assumed no loss of non-volatile storage * Technique similar to checkpointing used to deal with loss of non-volatile storage * Periodically dump the entire content of the database to stable storage * No transaction may be active during the dump procedure a procedure similar to checkpointing must take place * Output all log records currently residing in main memory onto stable storage. * Output all buffer blocks onto the disk. * Copy the contents of the database to stable storage. * Output a record dump to log on stable storage. * To recover from disk failure * restore database from most recent dump. Cons ult the log and redo all transactions that committed after the dump * Can be extended to allow transactions to be active during dump known as fuzzy dump or online dump * Will study fuzzy checkpointing later 38. Advanced Recovery Algorithm 39. Advanced Recovery Techniques * Support high-concurrency locking techniques, such as those used for B + -tree concurrency control * Operations like B + -tree insertions and deletions release locks early. * They cannot be undone by restoring old values ( physical undo ), since once a lock is released, other transactions may have updated the B + -tree. * Instead, insertions (resp. eletions) are undone by executing a deletion (resp. insertion) operation (known as ratiocinative undo ). * For such operations, undo log records should contain the undo operation to be executed * called synthetical undo logging , in contrast to physical undo logging . * make information is logged physically (that is, new value for each write) even for such operations * Logical redo is very complicated since database state on disk may not be operation consistent 40. Advanced Recovery Techniques (Cont. ) * Operation logging is done as follows * When operation starts, log T i , O j , operation-begin . Here O j is a unique identifier of the operation instance. While operation is executing, normal log records with physical redo and physical undo information are logged. * When operation completes, T i , O j , operation-end , U is logged, where U contains information needed to perform a logical undo information. * If crash/rollback occurs before operation completes * the operation-end log record is not found, and * the physical undo information is used to undo operation. * If crash/rollback occurs after the operation completes * the operation-end log record is found, and in this case * logical undo is performed using U the physical undo information for the operation is ignored. Redo of operation (after crash) still uses physical redo information . 4 1. Advanced Recovery Techniques (Cont. ) * Rollback of transaction T i is done as follows * Scan the log backwards * If a log record T i , X, V 1 , V 2 is found, perform the undo and log a special redo-only log record T i , X, V 1 . * If a T i , O j , operation-end , U record is found * Rollback the operation logically using the undo information U . * Updates performed during roll back are logged just like during normal operation execution. * At the end of the operation rollback, instead of logging an operation-end record, generate a record * T i , O j , operation-abort . Skip all preceding log records for T i until the record T i , O j operation-begin is found 42. Advanced Recovery Techniques (Cont. ) * Scan the log backwards (cont. ) * If a redo-only record is found ignore it * If a T i , O j , operation-abort record is found * skip all preceding log records for T i until the record T i , O j , operation-begi n is found. * Stop the scan when the record T i , start is f ound * Add a T i , abort record to the log * Some points to note * Cases 3 and 4 above can occur only if the database crashes while a transaction is being rolled back. Skipping of log records as in case 4 is important to prevent multiple rollback of the same operation. 43. Advanced Recovery Techniques(Cont,) * The following actions are taken when recovering from system crash * Scan log forward from last checkpoint L record * Repeat history by physically redoing all updates of all transactions, * Create an undo-list during the scan as follows * undo-list is set to L initially * Whenever T i start is found T i is added to undo-list * Whenever T i commit or T i abort is found, T i is deleted from undo-list * This brings database to state as of crash, with committed as well as uncommitted transactions having been redone. Now undo-list contains transactions that are incomplete , that is, have neither committed nor been fully rolled back. 44. Advanced Recovery Techniques (Cont. ) * Recovery from system crash (cont. ) * Scan log backwards, performing undo on log records of transactions found in undo-list . * Transactions are rolled back as described earlier. * When T i start is found for a transaction T i in undo-list , write a T i abort log record. * Stop scan when T i start records have been found for all T i in undo-list * This undoes the set up of incomplete transactions (those with neither commit nor abort log records). Recovery is now complete. 45. Advanced Recovery Techniques (Cont. ) * Checkpointing is done as follows Output all log records in memory to stable storage * Output to disk all modified buffer blocks * Output to log on stable storage a checkpoint L record. * Transactions are not allowed to perform any actions while checkpointing is in progress. * Fuzzy checkpointing allows transactions to progress while the most time consuming parts of checkpointing are in progress * Performed as described on next slide 46. Advanced Recovery Tech niques (Cont. ) * Fuzzy checkpointing is done as follows * Temporarily stop all updates by transactions * Write a checkpoint L log record and force log to stable storage * Note list M of modified buffer blocks Now permit transactions to proceed with their actions * Output to disk all modified buffer blocks in list M * blocks should not be updated while being output * Follow WAL all log records pertaining to a block must be output before the block is output * Store a pointer to the checkpoint record in a fixed position last _ checkpoint on disk * When recovering using a fuzzy checkpoint, start scan from the checkpoint record pointed to by last _ checkpoint * Log records before last _ checkpoint have their updates reflected in database on disk, and need not be redone. * Incomplete checkpoints, where system had crashed while performing checkpoint, are handled safely 47. random memory Recovery Algorithm 48. ARIES * ARIES is a state of the art recovery method * Incorporates numerous o ptimizations to reduce overheads during normal processing and to speed up recovery * The groundbreaking recovery algorithm we studied earlier is modeled after ARIES, but greatly modify by removing optimizations * Unlike the advanced recovery lgorithm, ARIES * Uses log sequence number (LSN) to identify log records * Stores LSNs in pages to identify what updates have already been applied to a database page * physiological redo * unsportsmanlike page table to avoid unnecessary redos during recovery * Fuzzy checkpointing that only records information about grim pages, and does not require dirty pages to be written out at checkpoint time * More approach path up on each of the above 49. ARIES Optimizations * Physiological redo * Affected page is physically identified, action within page can be logical * Used to reduce logging overheads * e. g. hen a record is deleted and all other records have to be moved to fill hole * Physiological redo can log just the record deletion * Physical redo would require logging of old and new values for much of the page * Requires page to be output to disk atomically * golden to achieve with hardware RAID, also supported by some disk systems * Incomplete page output can be detected by checksum techniques, * But extra actions are required for recovery * inured as a media failure 50. ARIES Data Structures * Log sequence number (LSN) identifies each log record * Must be sequentially increasing * Typically an offset from beginning of log point to allow dissolute access * Easily extended to handle multiple log files Each page contains a PageLSN which is the LSN of the last log record whose effects are reflected on the page * To update a page * X-latch the pag, and write the log record * Update the page * Record the LSN of the log record in PageLSN * Unlock page * Page flush to disk S-latches page * Thus page state on disk is operation consistent * Required to support physiological redo * PageLSN is used during recovery to prevent repeated redo * Thus ensuring idempotence 51. ARIES Data Structures (Cont. ) * Each log record contains LSN of previous log record of the same transaction * LSN in log record may be implicit supererogatory redo-only log record called recompense log record (CLR) used to log actions taken during recovery that never need to be undone * Also serve the role of operation-abort log records used in advanced recovery algorithm * Have a field UndoNextLSN to note next (earlier) record to be undone * Records in between would have already been undone * Required to avoid repeated undo of already undone actions LSN TransId PrevLSN RedoInfo UndoInfo LSN TransID UndoNextLSN RedoInfo 52. ARIES Data Structures (Cont. ) * impurePageTable * List of pages in the buffer that have been updated * Contains, for each such page * PageLSN of the page RecLSN is an LSN such that log records before this LSN have already been applied to the page version on disk * Set to current end of log when a page is inserted into dirty page table (just before being updated) * Recorded in checkpoints, helps to minimize redo work * Checkpoint log record * Contains * DirtyPageTable and list of active transactions * For each active transaction, LastLSN, the LSN of the last log record written by the transaction * Fixed position on disk notes LSN of last completed checkpoint log record 53. ARIES Recovery Algorithm * ARIES recovery involves three passes * Analysis pass Determines Which transactions to undo * Which pages were dirty (disk version not up to date) at time of crash * RedoLSN LSN from which redo should start * Redo pass * Repeats history, redoing all actions from RedoLSN * RecLSN and PageLSNs are used to avoid redoing actions already reflected on page * Undo pass * Rolls back all incomplete transactions * Transactions whose abort was complete earlier are not undone * line idea no need to undo these transactions earlier undo actions were logged, and are redone as required 54. ARIES Recovery Ana lysis * Analysis pass * Starts from last complete checkpoint log record Reads in DirtyPageTable from log record * Sets RedoLSN = min of RecLSNs of all pages in DirtyPageTable * In case no pages are dirty, RedoLSN = checkpoint records LSN * Sets undo-list = list of transactions in checkpoint log record * Reads LSN of last log record for each transaction in undo-list from checkpoint log record * Scans forward from checkpoint * .. On next page 55. ARIES Recovery Analysis (Cont. ) * Analysis pass (cont. ) * Scans forward from checkpoint * If any log record found for transaction not in undo-list, adds transaction to undo-list * Whenever an update log record is found If page is not in DirtyPageTable, it is added with RecLSN set to LSN of the update log record * If transaction end log record found, delete transaction from undo-list * Keeps cart track of last log record for each transaction in undo-list * May be needed for later undo * At end of analysis pass * RedoLSN determines where to start redo pass * RecLSN for each page in DirtyPageTable used to minimize redo work * All transactions in undo-list need to be rolled back 56. ARIES Redo Pass * Redo Pass Repeats history by replaying every action not already reflected in the page on disk, as follows * Scans forward from RedoLSN. Whenever an update log record is found * If the page is not in DirtyPageTable or the LSN of the log record is less than the RecLSN of the page in DirtyPageTable, then skip the log record * Otherwise fetch the page from disk.If the PageLSN of the page fetched from disk is less than the LSN of the log record, redo the log record * NOTE if either test is negative the effects of the log record have already appeared on the page. First test avoids even fetching the page from disk 57. ARIES Undo Actions * When an undo is performed for an update log record * Generate a CLR containing the undo action performed (actions performed during undo are logged physicaly or physiologically). * CLR for record n noted as n in figure below * Set UndoNextLSN of the CLR to the PrevLSN value of the update log record * Arrows indicate UndoNextLSN value * ARIES supports partial rollback * Used e. g. o handle deadlocks by rolling back just profuse to release reqd. locks * Figure indicates forward actions after partial rollbacks * records 3 and 4 initially, later 5 and 6, then full rollback 1 2 3 4 4 3 5 6 5 2 1 6 58. ARIES Undo Pass * Undo pass * Performs backward scan on log undoing all transaction in undo-list * Backward scan optimized by skipping unneeded log records as follows * Next LSN to be undone for each transaction set to LSN of last log record for transaction found by analysis pass. * At each step part largest of these LSNs to undo, skip back to it and undo it * After undoing a log record For ordinary log records, set next LSN to be undone for transaction to PrevLSN noted in the log record * For compensation log records (CLRs) set next LSN to be undo to UndoNextLSN noted in the log record * All intervening records are skipped since they would have been undo already * Undos performed as described earlier 59. Other ARIES Features * Recovery Independence * Pages can be recovered independently of others * E. g. if some disk pages fail they can be recovered from a fireman while other pages are being used * Savepoints * Transactions can record savepoints and roll back to a savepoint * Useful for complex transactions Also used to rollback just enough to release locks on deadlock 60. Other ARIES Features (Cont. ) * Fine-grained locking * Index concurrency algorithms that permit tuple level locking on indices can be used * These require logical undo, rather than physical undo, as in advanced recovery algorithm * Recovery optimizations For example * Dirty page table can be used to prefetch pages during redo * Out of order redo is realistic * redo can be postponed on a page being fetched from disk, and performed when page is fetched. * Meanwhile other log records can continue to be processed 61. Remote Backup Systems 62. Remote Backup Systems Remote backup systems provide high availability by allowing transaction processing to continue even if the pristine site is destroyed. 63. Remote Backup Systems (Cont. ) * Detection of failure Backup site must detect when primary winding site has failed * to distinguish primary site failure from link failure maintain several conversation links between the primary and the remote backup. * Transfer of control * To take over control backup site first perform recovery using its copy of the database and all the long records it has received from the primary. * Thus, completed transactions are redone and incomplete transactions are rolled back. When the backup site takes over processing it becomes the new primary * To transfer control back to old primary when it recovers, old primary must receive redo logs from the old backup and apply all updates locally. 64. Remote Backup Systems (Cont. ) * Time to recover To reduce delay in takeover, backup site periodically proceses the redo log records (in effect, performing recovery from previous database state), performs a checkpoint, and can then delete earlier parts of the log. * Hot-Spare configuration permits very fast takeover * Backup continually processes redo log record as they arrive, applying the updates locally. When failure of the primary is detected the backup rolls back incomplete transactions, and is ready to process new transactions. * Alternative to remote backup distributed database with replicated data * Remote backup is faster and cheaper, but less tolerant to failure * more on this in Chapter 19 65. Remote Backup Systems (Cont. ) * Ensure durability of updates by delaying transaction commit until update is logged at backup avoid this delay by permitting lower degrees of durability. * One-safe commit as soon as transactions commit log record is written at primary * Problem updates may not arrive at backup before it takes over . Two-very-safe commit when transactions commit log record is written at primary and backup * Reduces availability since transactions cannot commit if either site fails. * Two-safe proceed as in two-very-safe if both primary and backup are active. If only the primary is active, the transaction commits as soon as is commit log record is written at the primary. * Better availability than two-very-safe avoids problem of lost transactions in one-safe. 66. End of Chapter 67. Block Storage Operations 68. Portion of the Database Log alike to T 0 and T 1 69. conjure of the Log and Database Corresponding to T 0 and T 1 70. Portion of the System Log Corresponding to T 0 and T 1 71. State of System Log and Database Corresponding to T 0 and T 1